Although the main work was done by Cromwell and Napoleon, “ordnance” (or cannon) and gunpowder had at least begun the levelling of castles, classes, and feudal distinctions. So print, says Rabelais, has begun the homogenizing of individuals and of talents. Later in the same century Francis Bacon was prophesying that his scientific method would level all talents and enable a child to make scientific discoveries of consequence. And Bacon’s “method” we shall see was the extension of the idea of the new printed page to the whole encyclopedia of natural phenomena. That is, Bacon’s method literally puts the whole of nature in Pantagruel’s mouth. Albert Guérard’s comment on this aspect of Rabelais in The Life and Death of an Ideal (p. 39) is as follows: This triumphant Pantagruelism inspires the